Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi
The Twelve: Part II
Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi
Contextual assumptions
Timelines and the organization of materials reflect the following contextual assumptions for dates of prophetic ministries:
- 9th-century; to southern kingdom — Obadiah (845), Joel (835)
- 8th-century; to northern kingdom — Jonah (c. 770), Amos (c. 760), Hosea (c. 750–722)
- 8th-century; to southern kingdom — Isaiah (c. 739–686), Micah (740–695)
- 7th-century; to southern kingdom — Nahum (c. 650), Zephaniah (c. 640–635), Jeremiah (627–575; cf. Lamentations, 586–585), Habakkuk (c. 607)
- 6th-century; to exiles — Daniel (603–535), Ezekiel (593–571)
- 6th/5th-century; to returned exiles — Haggai (520 BCE), Zechariah (520–518), Malachi (c. 433)
