Roman Mid- and Late Republic (tml; 264-27 BCE)

Highlights include:

• Contextual international events
• Politcal / cultural events
  • Land and voting reforms of Gaius Flaminius (232)
  • Gauls subjugated; Via Aemilia finished (187)
  • Tiberius Gracchi elected tribune (133)
  • Gaius Gracchi elected tribune (123)
  • Marian reforms of army by G. Marius (107)
  • Hypocaust heating system in pulbic baths (85)
  • “Royal Rule” of Sulla (82-80)
  • “First Triumvirate” of Pompey, Crassus, J. Caesar (59-53)
  • J. Caesar assasination led by G. Cassius and M. Brutus (44)
  • Second Triumvirate of Octavian, M. Lepidus, M. Antony (43-33)
  • Octavian accepts the title of “Augustus” assuming all powers of the magistrates (27)
• People: M. Atilius Regulus, G. Cornelius, Scipio Asina, Scipio Africanus, M. Porcius Cato, Scipio Aemilianus, Gaius Marius, Sulla, Pompey, Marcus Crassius, Julius Caesar, Marcus Antonius, and Octavian.
• Military events
  • Punic Wars (First, 264-241; Second, 218-201; Third, 149-146) and key battles: Battle of Cape Ecnomus (256), Hannibal defeats Rome at Battle of Cannae (216), Battle of Zama (Rome defeats Hannibal, 202).
  • Macedonian Wars (First, 215-205; Second, 200-196; Third, 179-168): cf. Roman victory at Pydna (168/7)
  • War with Seleucid Antiochus III (192-190): ends in Roman victory at Magnesia
  • Greek revolt; Rome destroys Corinth and Carthage (146)
  • Cimbrian War against Germanic tribes (113-101); Jugurthine War (111-104): Marius defeats Jugurtha and German Teutones, Cimbri (104-101)
  • Social War (91-88)
  • Mithridatic Wars against Mithridates VI of Pontus (88-63)
  • Battle of Colline Gate (82)
  • Slave revolt of Spartacus (73-71)
  • Pompey commands East; Pompey conquers Palestine (66, 63)
  • J. Caesar conquers Gaul (58-51)
  • Civil Wars: 49-45, J. Caesar victor; 44-30, M. Antony v. Octavian
  • Battle of Actium (31)